Internet technology

Internet is "network of networks". Every computer in Internet is recognized by a globally unique address known as IP address in this network. Domain Name Server(DNS) is used to convert the Domain name into its equivalent IP Address so that user can locate a computer by the Domain name. For example, a DNS server will resolve a name https://www.sagarkhatiwada24.com.np to a particular IP address to uniquely identify the computer on which this website is hosted.

Internet technology is the devices, software, hardware and transmission protocols used to connect computers together in order to receive or send data or information from one computer to another within the Internet. Nowadays, Internet is popularly used to search for information on any subject, communicate with people, for online shopping, knowing the latest online news, booking online tickets, playing online game, sending greeting cards and for a number of other purpose. The Internet is a global communications system that links together thousands of networks and hundreds of millions of users around the world. These connections allow users to exchange messages, to communicate in realtime, to share data and program, and to access limitless stores of information.

The possible career choices in this field of Internet technology are:

• Computer Network Architect
• Information Technology (IT) Manager
• Network Support Specialist
• Web Developer or Administrator
• Degree programs

World Wide Web (WWW)

Tim Berrners-Lee British computer scientist developed the World Wide Web in 1989. He was born in London. After graduating from Oxford University, Berners-Lee became a software engineer at CERN, the large particle physics laboratory near Geneva, Switzerland. World Wide Web (WWW) or the Web is the service of the Internet. The Web gives users access to a documents that are connected to each other by means of hypertext or hypermedia links. A hyperlink is the electronic connections that link related pieces of information. Hypertext allows the user to select a word or phrase from text and access other documents that contain additional information. Hypermedia documents feature links to images, sounds, animations, and movies. The Web operates within the Internet's basic cientserver format; servers are computer programs that store and transmit documents to other computers on the network when asked to, while clients are programs that request documents from a server as the user asks for them. Browser software allows users to view the retrieved documents. A hypertext document with its corresponding text and hyperlinks is written in Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) and is assigned an online address called a Uniform Resource Locator (URL). Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is standardized communication protocol between servers and clients.

Web Server

Web servers are computers that runs websites, serves pages to viewers upon request. The web server is used to store, process and deliver web pages to the users by using Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). The web pages contains HTML documents, images, style sheets, etc. A web server also supports SMTP (Simple Mail transfer Protocol) and FTP (File Transfer Protocol) protocol for sending E-Mail and for file transfer and storage purpose. The web server is used to store the website content. It can also be used internally and is called Intranet Server. It receives request to present the content website to the user's browser. All websites on the Internet havea unique identifier in terms of an IP address. Apache server is the most common web server available in the market. Apache is open source software that handles almost 70 percent of all websites available today. Most of the web-based applications use Apache as their default Web Server environment. Another web server that is generally available is Internet Information Service (IIS). IIS is owned by Microsoft.

Domain Name System (DNS)

DNS is used to translate domain names to its equivalent IP Addresson the Internet or on local networks using the TCP/IP. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) server is used to configure hosts mechanically. DNS automatically converts the website name typed in web browser address bar into the IP address of web server hosting that site. For example, the domain name https://WWW.youtube.com might translate to 172.217.9.46.

URL

Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is a unique address of document on the Web. HTML tags include a URL attribute value, including hyperlinks, inline images, and forms. All of them use the same syntax to specify the location of a web resource, regardless of the type or content of that resource. This is known a Uniformn Resource Locator.

URL is the key to navigate the Web. When URL is provided to the browser, it finds the URL's page (index.html, index.htm, index.php) and then transfers the page to respective computer.

Web Browser

A web browser is the communicating software application designed find hypertext documents on the Web and then open the documents on the user's Computer. A browser is a program used to explore different information in the Internet. It is a client application that enables the client computer to gain access to a Web server. The examples of web browsers are:

• Google Chrome
• Mozilla Firefox
• Apple Safari
• Brave
• Microsoft Internet Explorer
• Microsoft Edge
• Opera
• Safari
• Torch

Masaic was the first web browser. Some basic point to know while using browser are:

• Know your browser
• Get the latest version of web browsers
• Try a different browser
• Read browser reviews

Website

A set or collection of www pages usually containing hyperlinks to each other and made available online by an individual, educational institution, government, organization, called website. So, website is a collection of web pages and related Content that is identified by a common domain name and published on at least one or more web server. The pages contain text graphics, audio, video and links. Web page accessed by visiting the home page of the website using a browser. For example, the Sagarkhatiwada24 website address URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is https://www.sagarkhatiwada24.com.np. From our home page, you could get access to any of the web pages contained on our website. The other examples of web page are onlinekhabar.com, gorkhapatraonline.com, Tnk.com.np, Wikipedia.com etc.

Webpage

A webpage is a hypertext document on the Internet that is viewed in web browser. It can be accessed by entering a URL address into a browser's address bar. It is created by using a Hypertext Mark-up Language (HTML). It may contain text, graphics, and hyperlinks to other web pages and files. The Internet consists of millions of web pages. It can be used to distribute news, interactive educational services, product information, catalogues, health related news, and live radio, TV, etc.

Homepage

The homepage is the name of the main page or the first page of a website. The homepage on all web servers is index.html by default. It is also known as "front page," "welcome page," "landing page" and "index page".

Search Engines

Search engine is a service of Internet that enables users to search various contents through World Wide Web (WWW). A user enters keywords into a search engine and receives a list of web content results in the form of websites, images, videos, etc. The list of content display through search engine to a user is known as a search erngine results page (SERP). There are millions of unique web sites that include billions of unique web pages. Search engines are well-"engines" or "robots" that crawl the Web looking for new web pages by typing keywords. These robots read the web pages and put the keywords into a large database or index that may access. The engine then displays a list of web pages that contain information related to your keywords. Google, Bing, Yahoo Search, Ask.com, AOL.com, Baidu, etc. are some popular search engines. KidRex is the popular search engine for school students which include list of websites related to school students.

Upload/Download

Uploading means data is being sent from your computer to the Internet. It is the process of sending a local file to a remote site. The examples of uploading include sending email, posting photos on a Social media site and using webcam. Downloading means your computer is receiving data from the Internet. The receiving data from a remote system is referred by downloads in case of computer network. A download is a file that has been downloaded. These are like email server, FTP server and web server.

Internet of Things (IOT)

The Internet of Things is the billions of physical devices around the world which are connected to the Internet, alI collecting and sharing data and information. Devices that carn sense or read the values of their surrounding environment are more likely to have application for sharing information. Such devices when connected with web server to communicate information from their surrounding are called Internet of Things. In another word, device that can collect data and are capable to send these data through Internet to web server is called IOT. The different objects can be connected by adding sensors to them adds a level of digital intelligence to devices, enabling them to communicate real-time data or information without involving person. IOT is making the structure of the world around us smarter and more responsive, merging the digital and physical world. Kevin Ashton coined the phrase 'Internet of Things' in 1999. For examples: A light bulb that can be switched on using a smart phone app is an IOT device, as is a motion sensor in home, office or a connected streetlight. The bus, car, train, aeroplane, etc. with a Global Positioning System (GPS) sensor is continuously transmitting its location information to any user through Internet. A temperature Sensor that is reading temperature of a particular location and transmitting that data through Internet to a Web Server so that anyone from the world can know the temperature of that place. It can even be used in smart phone, smart watch or a fitness band and any home appliances like Refrigerator, TV, Lights, AC, door, Window with sensors.

Cloud computing

Cloud computing is the computing services that includes servers, storage, databases, networking, software, and intelligence over the Internet ("the cloud"). It eliminates the capital expense of buying hardware and software and setting up. In cloud computing data can be accessed from anywhere, any time over the Internet. The services provided by cloud computing are self service and on demand. It makes data backup, disaster recovery and business continuity easier and less expensive. The cloud providers are Google Cloud, Amazon AWS, Microsoft Azure, VMware Cloud, IBM Cloud, Oracle Cloud and Alibaba Cloud.

The three different cloud services are public cloud, private cloud and hybrid cloud.

1. Public clouds are delivering their computing resources like servers and storage over the Internet. The example of a public cloud is Microsoft Azure. All hardware, software and other supporting infrastructure is owned and managed by the cloud provider in public cloud.
2. Private cloud is the physically located on the company's on-site datacenter. It is one in which the services and infrastructure are maintained on a private network.
3. Hybrid cloud is the combine public and private clouds, bound together by technology. It allows data and applications to be shared. It gives your business greater flexibility, more deployment options and helps optimize your existing infrastructure and security.

The things that can be done with the cloud are

1. Host website and blog
2. Create new apps and services store, back up and recover data
3. Stream audio/video and deliver software on demand.

The examples of services over cloud are Microsoft Office 365, Office Online, Apple i-Cloud, Google Drive, etc.

Apple i-Cloud: Apple's cloud service is used for online storage, backup, and synchronization of your mail, contacts, calendar, etc.

Google Drive: The cloud computing service that Google drive can work with the cloud apps such as Google Docs, Google Sheets, and Google Slides. Google's services could be considered cloud computing; Gmail, Google Calendar, Google Maps, etc.